Wednesday, February 24, 2010
Apa itu Kambing Feral?
Pertunjukan Kambing Cantik
Seekor Nigerian Dwarf baka tenusu di dalam kilp video. Baka ini mempunyai saiz yang lebar dan mempunyai sistem penyusuan yang cukup baik.
Persatuan penternak akan menganjurkan pertunjukan dengan menilai kecantikan dan kehebatan kambing melalui conformation iaitu istilah yang diguna pakai untuk menentukan ketulenan sesuatu baka, udder iaitu melalui kualiti sistem penyusuan seseekor kambing, tahap kesuburan kambing yang diukur melalui baka atau keturunan yang dihasilkan, usia yang panjang, struktur tubuh dan bentuk otot kambing terutama pada bahagian kaki belakang dan kualiti bulu-bulu yang dihasilkan.
Penternak yang bertanding kebiasaannya menternak kambing yang berdaftar dan memastikan baka seterusnye didaftarkan kerana mempunyai harga yang lebih tinggi. Sebab utama kambing berdaftar lebih bernilai adalah kerana rekod baka dan kelahiran yang dicatatkan memastikan mutu kambing yang ternak sentiasa berada pada tahap tertinggi.
Antara scorecard yang diguna pakai di US terutamanya adalah;
"Dairy Goat Scorecards" untuk kambing tenusu dewasa. Kaedahnye merupakan pembahagian markah penuh 100% bergantung kepada kategori utama iaitu rupa bentuk, sistem penyusuan, saiz badan dan saiz sistem penyusuan.
American Goat Society (AGS) juga menggunakan scorecard yang hampir serupa. Antara ciri-ciri yang dikenalpasti sebagai diskualifikasi adalah bentuk mulut yang tidak sekata, kaki yang tempang dan tidak sempurna, kuku pecah, kecacatan pada testis begitu juga bentuk tanduk yang tidak seimbang atau pun berpintal.
Baka-baka kambing - Pedaging
Kambing Boer merupakan baka kambing yang biasa didengar dan kerap diternak.
Kambing Billberry.
Kambing Caninde.
Baka-baka kambing - Kulit
Seekor kambing Bengal.
Selain bulu, kulit kambing Cashmere turut menghasilkan produk bermutu.
Kambing Sahelian.
Antara baka kambing untuk kegunaan hasil kulit;
Black Bengal
Don Goat
Garganica
Jining Grey
Qinshan Goat
Sahelian Goat
Zhongwei Goat
Baka-baka kambing - Bulu
Baka-baka kambing - Susu
Kambing Saanen terkenal di Malaysia sebagai kambing tenusu.
Kambing Toggenburg.
Kambing Golden Guernsey
Baka-baka kambing tenusu;
Alpine (goat), Anatolian Black Goat, Anglo-Nubian, Appenzell Goat, Argentata of Etna, Beetal, Belgian Fawn, Benadir Goat, Bhuj goat, Bionda dell'Adamello, Booted Goat, British Alpine, Brown Shorthair Goat, Canary Island Goat, Carpathian (goat), Chamois Colored, Charnequeira, Chengdu Brown, Corsican Goat, Daera Din Panah, Damani, Damascus goat, Danish Landrace Goat, Don Goat, Dutch Landrace, Dutch Toggenburg, Erzgebirge Goat, Finnish Landrace Goat, Garganica, Girgentana Goat, Golden Guernsey, Grisons Striped, Hailun Goat, Hasi Goat, Hongtong Goat, Hungarian Improved, Irish Goat, Jamnapari goat, Jonica, Kamori, Kinder (goat), LaMancha (goat), Loashan, Majorera, Maltese (goat), Messinese Goat, Mini Oberhasli, Murcia-Granada, Nigerian Dwarf (goat), Norwegian (goat), Oberhasli (goat), Orobica Peacock Goat, Poitou Goat, Pyrenean Goat, Red Mediterranean, Russian White (goat), Saanen goat, Sable Saanen, Sarda (goat), Swedish Landrace, Tauernsheck, Thuringian Goat, Toggenburg (goat), Valais Blackneck, Verata, White Shorthaired, Xinjiang Goat
Baka-baka kambing - belaan (pet)
Seekor kambing Nigerian Dwarf.
Jangka Hayat Kambing
Perangai Kambing
Goats establish a dominance hierarchy in flocks, sometimes through head butting
Goats are extremely curious and intelligent. They are easily trained to pull carts and walk on leads. Ches McCartney, nicknamed "the goat man", toured the United States for over three decades in a wagon pulled by a herd of pet goats. They are also known for escaping their pens. Goats will test fences, either intentionally or simply because they are handy to climb on. If any of the fencing can be spread, pushed over or down, or otherwise be overcome, the goats will escape. Being very intelligent, once a weakness in the fence has been discovered, it will be exploited repeatedly. Goats are very coordinated and can climb and hold their balance in the most precarious places. Goats are also widely known for their ability to climb trees, although the tree generally has to be on somewhat of an angle. The vocalization goats make is called bleating.
Goats have an intensely inquisitive and intelligent nature: they will explore anything new or unfamiliar in their surroundings. They do so primarily with their prehensile upper lip and tongue. This is why they investigate items such as buttons, camera cases or clothing (and many other things besides) by nibbling at them, occasionally even eating them.
Diet Kambing
Goats are reputed to be willing to eat almost anything, except tin cans, and cardboard boxes. While goats will not actually eat inedible material, they are browsing animals, not grazers like cattle and sheep, and (coupled with their natural curiosity) will chew on and taste just about anything resembling plant matter in order to decide whether it is good to eat, including cardboard and paper labels from tin cans. [13] Another possibility is that the goats are curious about the unusual smells of leftover food in discarded cans or boxes.
A domestic goat feeding in a field of capeweed, a weed which is toxic to most stock animals
Aside from sampling many things, goats are quite particular in what they actually consume, preferring to browse on the tips of woody shrubs and trees, as well as the occasional broad-leaved plant. However, it can fairly be said that their plant diet is extremely varied, and includes some species which are otherwise toxic.[14] They will seldom consume soiled food or contaminated water unless facing starvation. This is one of the reasons why goat rearing is most often free ranging, since stall-fed goat rearing involves extensive upkeep and is seldom commercially viable.
Goats prefer to browse on shrubbery and weeds, more like deer than sheep, preferring them to grasses. Nightshade is poisonous; wilted fruit tree leaves can also kill goats. Silage (corn stalks) is not good for goats, but haylage can be used if consumed immediately after opening. Alfalfa is their favorite hay; fescue is the least palatable and least nutritious. Mold in a goat's feed can make it sick and possibly kill it. Goats should not be fed grass with any signs of mold.
The digestive physiology of a very young kid (like the young of other ruminants) is essentially the same as that of a monogastric animal. Milk digestion begins in the abomasum, the milk having bypassed the rumen via closure of the reticular/esophageal groove during suckling. At birth, the rumen is undeveloped, but as the kid begins to consume solid feed, the rumen soon increases in size and in its capacity to absorb nutrients.
Reproduksi
A 2 month old goat kid in a field of capeweed.
In some climates, goats are able to breed at any time of the year. In temperate climates and among the Swiss breeds, the breeding season commences as the day length shortens, and ends in early spring. Does of any breed come into heat every 21 days for 2 to 48 hours. A doe in heat typically flags her tail often, stays near the buck if one is present, becomes more vocal, and may also show a decrease in appetite and milk production for the duration of the heat.
Bucks (intact males) of Swiss and northern breeds come into rut in the fall as with the doe's heat cycles. Rut is characterized by a decrease in appetite and obsessive interest in the does.
In addition to natural mating, artificial insemination has gained popularity among goat breeders, as it allows easy access to a wide variety of bloodlines.
Gestation length is approximately 150 days. Twins are the usual result, with single and triplet births also common. Less frequent are litters of quadruplet, quintuplet, and even sextuplet kids. Birthing, known as kidding, generally occurs uneventfully. Right before kidding the doe will have a sunken area around the tail and hip. Also she will have heavy breathing, a worried look, become restless and show great display of affection for her keeper. The mother often eats the placenta, which gives her much needed nutrients, helps stanch her bleeding, and parallels the behavior of wild herbivores such as deer to reduce the lure of the birth scent for predators.[9][10]
Freshening (coming into milk production) occurs at kidding. Milk production varies with the breed, age, quality, and diet of the doe; dairy goats generally produce between 660 to 1,800 L (1,500 and 4,000 lb) of milk per 305 day lactation. On average, a good quality dairy doe will give at least 6 lb (2.7 l) of milk per day while she is in milk. A first time milker may produce less, or as much as 16 lb (7.3 l), or more of milk in exceptional cases. After the 305 day lactation, the doe will "dry off", typically after she has been bred. Occasionally, goats that have not been bred and are continuously milked will continue lactation beyond the typical 305 days.[11] Meat, fibre, and pet breeds are not usually milked and simply produce enough for the kids until weaning.
Male lactation is also known to occur in goats.[12]
Anatomi Kambing
Most goats naturally have two horns, of various shapes and sizes depending on the breed. While horns are a predominantly male feature, some breeds of goat have horned females. Polled (hornless) goats are not uncommon and there have been incidents of polycerate goats (having as many as eight horns), although this is a genetic rarity thought to be inherited. Their horns are made of living bone surrounded by keratin and other proteins, and are used for defense, dominance, and territoriality.[6]
Goats are ruminants. They have a four-chambered stomach consisting of the rumen, the reticulum, the omasum, and the abomasum.
Goats have horizontal slit-shaped pupils, an adaptation which increases peripheral depth perception.[7] Because goats' irises are usually pale, the pupils are much more visible than in animals with horizontal pupils, but very dark irises, such as cattle, deer, most horses and many sheep.
Both male and female goats have beards, and many types of goat (most commonly dairy goats, dairy-cross boers, and pygmy goats) may have wattles, one dangling from each side of the neck.[8]
Some breeds of sheep and goats look similar, but they can usually be told apart because goat tails are short and point up, whereas sheep tails hang down and are usually longer and bigger – though some (like those of Northern European short-tailed sheep) are short, and longer ones are often docked.
Sejarah Kambing
Tradisinya kambing diternak secara di dalam suatu kumpulan dan dibiar merayau untuk meragut rumput. Gembala kambing merupakan gelaran bagi penjaga kambing yang biasanya terdiri daripada budak lelaki ataupun remaja lelaki.
Etymology
Kambing
Jika dibaca, secara sejarahnya kambing merupakan haiwan pertama yang diternak manusia bermula dari zaman anak-anak Nabi Adam melalui kisah Qabil dan Habil. Kambing memberikan hasil dalam bentuk susu, daging, bulu, dan kulit kepada manusia.[2] Sejak kebelakangan ini kambing popular sebagai haiwan belaan (pets).[3]
Menurut istilah bahasa pula, kambing betina digelar sebagai does atau nannies, Kambing Jantan sebagai bucks atau billies. Daging Kambing muda atau anak dipanggil kid atau cabrito, dan kambing dewasa pula dipanggil chevon, atau kebiasaanyanya mutton.
Info: Kelebihan daging kambing
Makanan utamanya adalah rumput-rampai dan dedaun pokok. Seekor kambing dewasa memerlukan 4 – 5 kg rumput segar sehari. Penjagaan makanan amat perlu dititikberatkan. Ini kerana, selain daripada aspek pencemaran habitat (persekitaran kandang), kebanyakan penyakit yang dihidapi oleh seekor kambing adalah berpunca daripada pencemaran makanannya sendiri. Oleh itu, pemberian makanan yang seimbang perlulah difahami agar kesihatan dan kecergasan kambing dapat sentiasa dikekalkan. Jenis-jenis makanan yang boleh diberikan perlulah dirujuk terlebih dahulu dengan penternak yang telah sedia ada. Ini kerana makanan yang diberikan oleh setiap penternak dan kandang adalah berbeza.
Kambing membiak dengan cara melahirkan anak dan menjaga anaknya sehingga dewasa. Penjagaan yang rapi serta betul perlulah diberikan sewaktu kambing ingin melahirkan anak. Tindakan-tindakan kambing sewaktu melahirkan anak dan selepas melahirkan anak ada menunjukkan perbezaan. Namun, terdapat juga kambing yang kurang mahir menjaga anak yang baru dilahirkan kerana keletihan terutamanya bagi kambing bunting kali pertama. Kolestrum atau susu awal amat penting bagi anak kambing yang baru dilahirkan. Sekiranya ibu kambing mati, ibu kambing tumpang mesti disediakan bagi memastikan anak tersebut mendapat kolestrum. Jika proses penyediaan ibu tumpang tidak berjaya, penternak perlu berperanan lebih aktif dengan memerah susu ibu tumpang untuk diisikan dalam botol susu lalu diberikan kepada anak kambing itu.
Jika dirujuk kepada kitab-kitab kisah para Anbiya’, ternyata sekali ternakan kambing adalah salah satu sunnah dalam kehidupan para ‘Anbiya seperti Nabi Syuib, Nabi Musa dan Nabi Muhammad. Dalam kitab Qasas al-Anbiya, Ibn Katsir menyatakan anak nabi Adam, Habil merupakan penternak kambing yang pertama di muka dunia. Dalam sebuah mafhum hadis yang sanadnya disandarkan kepada Said al-Khudri menyatakan bahawa Rasulullah pernah bersabda, “Akan tiba suatu masa dimana kambing merupakan sebaik-baik harta bagi orang Islam. Orang Islam akan memeliharanya di puncak-puncak bukit dan di lembah-lembah, hidup terpencil dari masyarakat demi memelihara agama daripada ditimpa bencana”. Malah menurut Abdulah bin Mas’ud semasa beliau bertugas sebagai gembala kambing milik Utbah bin Mu’aith, susu kambing segar merupakan minuman kegemaran Rasulullah dan baginda meminumnya secara langsung setelah diperah dari tetek kambing betina. Secara tidak langsung, semua fakta ini menunjukkan betapa kambing itu merupakan satu kepentingan asasi dalam kehidupan manusia.
Selain daripada tanduk dan kulitnya yang boleh dijadikan perhiasan, kambing juga merupakan sumber utama susu (white gold) yang berkhasiat dan daging yang berzat (red gold) jika dibandingkan dengan spesis ternakan lain seperti lembu, kerbau dan unta. Susu kambing adalah makanan semulajadi berkhasiat yang diperlukan untuk kesihatan badan seharian. Ianya sesuai untuk semua lapisan umur. Susu ini boleh diminum panas atau sejuk malah boleh dibuat dadih, ais krim, keju dan mentega. Pada masa sekarang industri kosmetik mengeluarkan berbagai produk berasaskan susu kambing seperti syampu, krim muka, sabun, pewangi dan juga krim pencukur.
Antara keistimewaannya ialah:-
• Mengandungi protein, enzim dan vitamin A yang baik untuk mata serta vitamin D untuk menguatkan tulang.
• Mengandungi faktor anti-antritis (inflamasi sendi) dan anti barah.
• Diperakui oleh pakar-pakar kesihatan bahawa susu ini boleh mengubati demam kuning, penyakit kulit, gastrik, lelah (asma), insomnia dan ulcer.
• Mudah dihadam kerana zarah lemaknya lebih kecil.
• Khasiat susu kambing yang disimpan sejuk atau sejuk beku tidak akan berubah kualitinya.
Lantaran ini susu kambing merupakan ubat atau penawar berkesan bagi penyakit-penyakit seperti:-o Demam kuning (jaundis)o Penyakit Asma (lelah)o Gastrik dan ulser peruto Eczema (penyakit kulit)o Migrain (sakit kepala)o Mengetatkan kemaluan wanita (faraj)o Menguatkan tulang
Sementara daging kambing atau chevon (red gold) yang berzat lagi sedap dimakan dikenali sebagai “naturally occuring health meat” yang memiliki ciri-ciri berikut, iaitu:-
• Kalori rendah• Kadar lemak rendah• Nisbah lemak tidak tepu/lemak tepu tinggi
• Kandungan kolestrol rendah• HDL-C tinggi dan LDL-C adalah rendah• Mampu menghindari penyakit jantung sebagaimana yang dinyatakan oleh Dr.John R.Addrizzo (MD) dalam artikelnya, “Use of Goat Milk and Goat Meat as Therapeutic Aids in Cardiovascular Diseases”
• Menurut kajian Dr.Peter J.D’Adamo – daging kambing amat sesuai untuk jenis darah ‘O’, ‘B’, dan ‘AB’ yang dimiliki oleh seramai 75% rakyat Malaysia.
dipetik dari (http://www.123agrofarm.blogspot.com/2009/03/khasiat-susu-dan-daging-kambing-part-2.html)
Bio Asli
Nama: Marini Ismail
email: rinirifae@gmail.com